Edge sorting is a technique used in advantage gambling where a player determines whether a face-down playing card is likely to be low or high at casino table games by observing, learning, and exploiting subtle unintentional differences on the backs of the cards being dealt.[1]
Applied by world-famous poker pro Phil Ivey and subsequently challenged in court by the casino in which he did so, the UK High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court ruled that the technique, which requires the player to trick the dealer into rotating specific, high-value cards, is cheating in civil law, and that a casino was justified in refusing payment of winnings. This ruling would not be applicable if the player simply took advantage of an observed error or anomaly in the deck for which he was not responsible.[2]
Technique[edit]
- Jun 28, 2017 While cheating at poker is nowhere near as rife as Hollywood suggests in movies, unfortunately, it does still happen. Firstly, we have the case of counterfeit chips finding their way onto the.
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Many packs of cards produced by manufacturers have unintentional, almost indistinguishable edge irregularities. Typically the backs of every card in such a pack are identical, but the two long edges of each card are distinguishable from one another: the back pattern of one card is not symmetrical to another that has been rotated 180° (half a full turn).
During the course of a game, the player asks the dealer to rotate high-value face-up cards, saying for example that they feel it will bring them luck. The dealer, indulging superstition, does not realize he or she is unwittingly orienting the cards such that valuable high cards are oriented one way in the deck and low cards the other way round. The unintentional card edge irregularity thus makes the high or low value of face-down cards apparent to an observer aware of how the dealer has been tricked into orienting them. This orientation will remain so long as the cards are not 'washed,' shuffled in a way that rotates them. Thus, the player must also request that the dealer shuffle the cards with an automatic shuffler, which does not change the orientation as a manual shuffle might. The dealer is not obliged to comply with any of these requests, but will usually do so if thought to be the result of gambler superstition or mistrust.
Over the course of a game being played this way, low cards will tend to be oriented one way, high cards the other.[3] Once a significant proportion of cards have been rotated, any player who knows this can gain a statistical edge more than outweighing house edge by using the knowledge whether the card to be turned is likely to be low or high.[4]
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Legality[edit]
Casinos usually regard this technique as cheating; many players consider that they are legitimately playing to gain an advantage.
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In 2012, poker player Phil Ivey and partner Cheung Yin Sun won US$9.6 million playing baccarat at the Borgata casino.[5][6] In April 2014, the Borgata filed a lawsuit against Ivey and Cheung for their winnings.[6] In 2016, a Federal Judge ruled that Ivey and Cheung Yin Sun must repay US$10 million to the Borgata. U.S. District Judge Noel Hillman ruled that they did not commit fraud, but did breach their contract with the casino. He found that they did not abide by a New Jersey Casino Controls Act provision that prohibited marking cards. Although they did not mark the cards, they used tiny imperfections in the cards to gain an advantage.[7]
Later in 2012 he was reported to have won £7.7 million (approx. $11 million) playing punto banco, a version of baccarat, at Crockfords casino in London. Crockfords refunded his £1 million stake and agreed to send him his winnings, but ultimately refused payment.[8] Ivey sued them for payment, but lost in the UK High Court; it was judged that the edge sorting was 'cheating for the purpose of civil law'.[9][10] It was accepted that Ivey and others genuinely considered that edge sorting was not cheating, and deemed immaterial that the casino could easily have protected itself. Critically, the judgment pointed out that Ivey had gained an advantage by actively using a croupier as his innocent agent, rather than taking advantage of an error or anomaly on the casino's part. Ivey appealed against the judgement but was unsuccessful.[11]
He further appealed to the UK Supreme Court (see Ivey v Genting Casinos)[12] which also decided in favour of the casino. All five justices upheld the decision of the court of appeal, 'which dismissed his case on the basis that dishonesty was not a necessary element of 'cheating'.'[10]
See also[edit]
- Card counting, another strategy that improves statistical odds, not considered cheating
References[edit]
- ^Thomas Barrabi (14 April 2014). 'What Is Edge Sorting? Phil Ivey Sued By Borgata Casino, Allegedly Cheated To Win $9.6 Million In Baccarat'. International Business Times. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^Derek Hawkins (26 October 2017). 'What is 'edge-sorting' and why did it cost a poker star $10 million in winnings?'. The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
- ^Ian Gallagher (14 September 2013). ''I read the cards but I'm no cheat': U.S. poker ace suing Britain's oldest casino after being denied £8million win admits using controversial 'edge sorting' technique'. Daily Mail. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^Victor Fiorillo (14 April 2014). 'Borgata: Poker Star Phil Ivey Cheated Us Out of $10 Million Using Edge Sorting'. Philly Mag. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^Kaplan, Michael (29 June 2016). 'How 'Advantage Players' Game the Casinos'. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ abHaley Draznin and Sho Wills (13 April 2014). 'Atlantic City casino claims poker champ Phillip Ivey cheated to win $9.6 million'. CNN. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^'Poker pro Phil Ivey ordered to repay $10M to Atlantic City casino'. NJ.com. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^Ron Dicker (9 October 2012). 'Phil Ivey, Poker Champion, Denied $11.7 Million Payout From Punto Banco Card Game'. Huffington Post.
- ^'Top poker player Phil Ivey loses £7.7m court battle'. BBC. 8 October 2014.
- ^ abGrierson, Jamie (25 October 2017). 'Poker player loses court battle over £7.7m winnings from London casino'. The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^Khomami, Nadia (3 November 2016). 'Poker player loses appeal against London casino over £7.7m winnings'. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^'Poker Pro Ivey Goes All In at U.K.'s Top Court Cheating Case'. Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Cheating in casinos refers to actions by the player or the house which are prohibited by regional gambling control authorities. This may involve using suspect apparatus, interfering with apparatus, chip fraud or misrepresenting games. The formally prescribed sanctions for cheating depend on the circumstances and gravity of the cheating and the jurisdiction in which the casino operates. In Nevada, for a player to cheat in a casino is a felony under Nevada law. In most other jurisdictions, specific statutes do not exist, and alleged instances of cheating are resolved by the gambling authority who may have more or less authority to enforce its verdict.
Advantage play techniques are not cheating. Card counting, for example, is a legitimate advantage play strategy that can be employed in blackjack and other card games. In almost all jurisdictions, casinos are permitted to ban from their premises customers they believe are using advantage play, regardless of whether they are in fact doing so and even though it is not cheating, though this practice of barring law-abiding citizens from public places is subject to judicial review. So far, courts in New Jersey and North Las Vegas, Nevada have found the practice of barring law-abiding citizens to be illegal.
Online casinos are also vulnerable to certain cheating methods. https://sacomg.netlify.app/mindlessly-playing-slot-machines.html. In the early 2000s, some players discovered that the random number generator at one poker site did not produce truly random sets of 'decks', and instead chose from about only 200,000 different possible deck configurations. Generation of true random numbers by machines continues to be difficult. This allowed the players to know what flop was coming if they knew the hands being held by three players.
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Methods of cheating by players[edit]
The methods for cheating in a casino are often specific to individual games and include the following:
- Past posting: After a bet is won, a player replaces smaller-denomination chips with large-denomination chips.
- Hand mucking: Palming desirable cards, then switching them for less desirable cards that the gambler holds.
- Card marking: Various methods exist to mark cards during play.
- Marked decks: Usually involving the collusion of casino employees, it may be possible for a marked deck to be introduced into play. There are many different ways to mark decks of cards, some of them very difficult to detect. Casinos often replace their cards at table games and either sell or give away the used decks. These decks are usually cut or altered before they are sold or given away. This to prevent cheaters from buying used decks and then using the cards to cheat at table games.
- Slot machines: Methods exist for altering the outcome of slot machine games.
- Collusion: In poker games, the practice of two partners signaling to each other the values of their cards can be very difficult to detect[1]. Also, in table games, players can collude with the dealer.
- Using auxiliary devices: In Nevada, New Jersey, and other jurisdictions, using any device which helps to forecast the odds or aid in a legitimate strategy such as card counting is regarded as cheating.[2]
- Top hats: In Roulette, players place a bet after the ball has landed. The chips are disguised using a third party's chip - the 'top hat'.
- Using a computer to gain an edge, illegal in Nevada since 1985.
Methods of cheating by casinos[edit]
- Using a rigged roulette wheel.
- False deals: A dealer may be able to deal the second card from the top (used in conjunction with marked cards), or the ability to deal the bottom card of the deck (used in conjunction with placing desirable cards at the bottom of the deck), see for example Mechanic's grip.
- False shuffles and cuts: A dealer may seem to mix or cut the cards, while retaining certain cards or the whole deck in a desired order.
- Using a deck of cards with non-standard composition.
- Using a cold deck.
- Using loaded dice.
- Using rulesets not sanctioned by a gambling control authority.
- Using slot machines which pay lower than the statutory minimum.
- False advertising by not paying advertised promotions.
- Mail fraud or sending a mail offer but not honoring the offer once the customer is at the casino, also called bait and switch.
- Rigged video poker machines, such as the Vegas 'American Coin Scandal'[3]
- Rigged drawings, such as at The Venetian, Las Vegas.[4]
- Corrupt regulators, such as Ronald Dale Harris.
- Using a computer to gain an edge over the players.
Prevention of cheating[edit]
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Cheating can be reduced by employing 'proper procedure' - certain standardized ways of shuffling cards, dealing cards, storing, retrieving and opening new decks of cards.
Most casinos are obliged to have an extensive array of security cameras and recorders which monitor and record all the action in a casino, which can be used to resolve some disputes. Some casinos use facial recognition software to detect known cheats, card counters or 'advantage players' as they enter the establishment. Casinos can also use software to analyze game play, to uncover any unusual patterns in betting or payouts. It is usual to preserve recordings for lengthy periods of time.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^T. Hayes, 'Collusion Strategy and Analysis for Texas Hold'em', 2017
- ^Forte, Steve. Casino Game Protection. SLF Publishing, 2004
- ^American Coin: A True Story of Betrayal, Gambling, and Murder in Las Vegas, Frank Romano, 2013, ISBN1475985096
- ^Simpson, Jeff (25 February 2004). 'Venetian Settles Complaints'. Las Vegas Sun. casinocitytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-03-10.